Ninth Circuit Revives DOJ Subpoena Targeting Gender-Affirming Care Provider

A divided Ninth Circuit panel has revived the Justice Department’s subpoena against QueerDoc, a telehealth provider that offers gender-affirming care, including care to minors. The court’s August 14, 2026, ruling keeps the subpoena alive but does not immediately require QueerDoc to turn over the requested records.

By a 2-1 vote, the panel reversed a Western District of Washington order that had quashed the subpoena in full. The case now returns to the district court for review of QueerDoc’s arguments that the requests are overbroad and unduly burdensome.

What the Ninth Circuit decided

The majority held that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, allows the attorney general or an authorized designee to issue subpoenas during investigations of possible federal health-care offenses. The court said that category can include potential violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act’s misbranding provisions.

That was a ruling about investigative authority, not a finding that QueerDoc violated federal law. The court accepted the Justice Department’s potential theory that statements or other material connected to drugs used in gender-affirming care could be relevant to a misbranding investigation, while noting that the merits of any eventual violation were not before the court at this stage.

The majority also rejected the argument that the administration’s public opposition to gender-affirming care, or its decision to prioritize related investigations, by itself proved an improper purpose. It said QueerDoc faced a heavy burden to show that the subpoena was issued in bad faith and that policy alignment does not alone overcome the presumption that executive agencies act regularly.

Records sought by DOJ

The subpoena seeks broad categories of information, including personnel files, billing documents, communications with drug manufacturers and records involving patients prescribed puberty blockers or hormone therapy, according to the Ninth Circuit opinion and Associated Press reporting.

The court’s dissent said some requests seek identifying information for patients, including names, dates of birth, Social Security numbers, addresses and parent or guardian information. The majority noted that three of the subpoena’s 15 document requests concern patient information and said the district court may consider privacy objections and protective measures when it reviews the subpoena’s scope.

The sensitivity of the requests is therefore still central to the dispute. The Ninth Circuit did not decide that all of the requested records must be produced, and it did not authorize their public disclosure.

What the dissent said

Judge Richard Paez dissented. He argued that the district court’s finding of bad faith was not clearly erroneous and that the record showed DOJ was using the threat of investigation to pressure providers to stop offering gender-affirming care.

Paez also wrote that DOJ had not adequately shown that the requested information was relevant and material to its stated investigative purpose. In his view, the subpoena’s expansive and intrusive demands supported the lower court’s conclusion that the investigation was a pretext for an effort to eliminate gender-affirming care.

The majority and dissent thus disagreed over how much weight to give the administration’s policy directives, the scope of the FDCA theory and the evidence offered to show investigative relevance and purpose.

What happens next

The case returns to the Western District of Washington. The district court must consider whether particular requests are overbroad or impose an undue burden, issues it did not reach before quashing the subpoena on improper-purpose grounds.

The Ninth Circuit instructed the parties to cooperate in narrowing or resolving disagreements about the subpoena’s scope. It also said QueerDoc must make a reasonable effort to reach an accommodation with the government before seeking relief based on overbreadth or undue burden. Any burden showing will have to be supported with specific evidence, such as the number of files involved, estimated work hours and compliance costs.

QueerDoc said it would continue challenging the subpoena. The provider’s position, as described in its August 17 statement, is that the records had not been produced and that the dispute remains active in district court.

Why the ruling matters

For patients and providers, the decision concerns investigative authority and procedure rather than a final finding of wrongdoing. The immediate practical effect is that DOJ’s subpoena is no longer quashed in its entirety, but QueerDoc still has an opportunity to seek limits, protections or other relief from the district court.

The case could become an important test of how federal agencies use HIPAA subpoena authority when an investigation overlaps with an administration’s policy priorities. It also puts medical privacy, executive enforcement power and the limits of administrative subpoenas back before the lower court.

Sources

• Ninth Circuit opinion, QueerDoc, PLLC v. DOJ
• Associated Press ruling report
• Reuters ruling report

Look for updates to this story

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